| Abstract | Napoleon Bonaparte, francuski vojskovođa s titulom cara, svojim vojnim uspjesima
kroji političku kartu svijeta krajem 18. i početkom 19. stoljeća, s naglaskom na europsko tlo.
Razdoblje njegove vladavine obilježeno je stalnim ratovanjem, ali prije svega teritorijalnim i
političkim promjenama (također Građanskim zakonikom), među ostalim ukidanjem Mletačke
Republike 1797., te Dubrovačke Republike 1808. godine. Razdoblje njegova pada očituje se
protjerivanjem na Elbu, 1814., kada je i potpisan Prvi pariški ugovor. Samo godinu kasnije, u
vrijeme kada Bečki kongres već zasjeda, pod vodstvom austrijskog ministra vanjskih poslova
von Metternicha i snažnim utjecajem britanskog državnika lorda Castlereagha, Napoleon se
pokušava vratiti na vlast, što mu nakratko i polazi za rukom. Ubrzo potom ipak doživljava
konačan slom, kod Waterlooa u lipnju 1815., kada ga poražava saveznička vojska, predvođena
glasovitim vojvodom od Wellingtona. Napoleon biva protjeran na Svetu Helenu, a Luj XVIII.
vraćen na francusko prijestolje. Kraj Napoleonove vladavine rezultira mnogobrojnim
posljedicama, pa tako i za samu Francusku, kojoj je propisana kazna za učinjenu ratnu štetu, te
je vraćena na stare granice. Ipak, najznačajnija posljedica biti će nova geopolitička karta
Europe, skrojena odlukama Bečkog kongresa. Dokument koji je označio završetak zasjedanja
potpisan je 9. lipnja 1815., pod nazivom Acte Final, a uključivao je i sporazume donesene prije
samog završetka Kongresa. Unutar 121 članka dokumenta, riješena su sva teritorijalna pitanja,
uključujući i ono najspornije, vezano za područje Poljske i Saske. Sveta alijansa, savez
sklopljen 26. rujna 1815. trebao je osigurati razdoblje mira i očuvati novonastalo uređenje.
Savez je potpisao ruski car Aleksandar I., koji je isti savez i definirao, austrijski car Franjo I.,
ali ne i britanski princ-regent. Bečki kongres je svojim odredbama uvelike politički utjecao i na
ostatak 19. stoljeća, te je na temeljima ravnoteže među silama spriječen veći međunarodni
sukob u narednim desetljećima. |
| Abstract (english) | Napoleon Bonaparte, French general and emperor of France, was the one, that was
changing political map of the world, with his military successes at the end of the 18th and the
start of the 19th century, with main focus on Europe. His period of power was marked by non-
stop wars, but in the first place with territorial and political changes (also Code Napoléon),
among others the abolition of the Republic of Venice in 1797, and the Republic of Dubrovnik
in 1808. After his fall from power, he was forced out on the Elba island, in 1814., it was also a
year of the First agreement in Paris. Only a year later, while the Congress of Vienna was already
having sessions led by an Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs von Metternich followed by the
British politician Lord Castlereagh, Napoleon tried to take his power back, which he did, but
only for a short period of time. Napoleon's final fall happened at Waterloo, in June of 1815,
where the army of coalition, led by the famus Duke of Wellington, won the battle over him.
Napoleon was forced out on the island of Saint Helena, while Louis XVIII was put back on the
throne. End of Napoleon's rule resulted with many consequences which France was also the
victim of, by being punished for the war damage caused, and was put back to the old borders.
After all, the most important consequence will eventually be a new geopolitical map of Europe,
made by the Congress of Vienna. The final document of the Congress was signed on June 9,
1815, under the name of Acte Final, which also included any deals singed before the official
ending of the Congress. Paragraphs, 121 of them, solved all territoral issues, including the
crucial one about Poland and Saxony. The Holy Alliance was a coalition singned on September
26, 1815, with a purpose of securing peace and newly made order. This coalition was signed
by Alexander I of Russia, the one who came with the final proposal of the Alliance, Francis I
of Austria, but it wasn't singed by the British Prince-Regent. Decisions of the Congress of
Vienna had a huge political impact on the rest of the 19th century, which also prevented any
major battle in the following decades, based on balance between leading countries. |
