| Abstract | UVOD: Riječ eutanazija dolazi od grč. eu – blaga, dobra i thanatos – smrt. U prošlosti, eutanazija je označavala blagu smrt, pomoć koju je liječnik ili bilo koja druga osoba pružala umirućem bolesniku kako bi mu ublažio bolove i patnju. U njezinom punom smislu, eutanaziju možemo definirati kao izazivanje smrti u umirućih, nemoćnih, ili neizlječivo bolesnih osoba koje trpe teške ili neizdržive bolove, a s ciljem da ih se poštedi daljnje boli i patnje. Najčešće susrećemo pojmove aktivne i pasivne eutanazije. Pod pojmom aktivne eutanazije smatra se izravno skraćenje života aktivnom pomoći u umiranju. Zabranjena je u gotovo svim zemljama. Aktivna eutanazija zasniva se na slobodnoj odluci pacijenta, a u pravilu je izvršava liječnik. Pasivna ili indirektna eutanazija uključuje uskraćivanje aktivnih medicinskih usluga, odnosno smanjenje svih aktivnosti koje pridonose aktivnom podržavanju života. U Republici Hrvatskoj, eutanazija se smatra kaznenim djelom, dok u Nizozemskoj, eutanaziju liječnici obavljaju dulje od dvadeset godina. Prema definiciji koju donosi Deklaracija o Eutanaziji Kongregacije za nauk vjere, eutanazija je neko djelo ili propust koji po svojoj prirodi i nakani izaziva smrt, u cilju otklona svake boli. Crkva se izričito protivi izvršavanju eutanazije, jer je ona u suprotnosti s Božjom voljom i jer uništava čovjekovo dostojanstvo. Također, naglašava da nikada nije dopušteno bilo kakvo pripomaganje u nastanku smrti onih koji su neizlječivo ili duševno bolesni, jer je svaki čovjek, a ne samo zdrav, stvoren na Božju sliku.
CILJ RADA: Odgovoriti na pitanja u kojoj su mjeri studenti i studentice Studija sestrinstva upoznati s pojmom eutanazije, te kakav je njihov stav o eutanaziji, smrti i umiranju, kako se ispitanici izjašnjavaju o aktivnoj i pasivnoj eutanaziji, jesu li protiv ili za legalizaciju pasivne, odnosno aktivne eutanazije.
ISPITIVANA SKUPINA I METODE RADA: Istraživanje je provedeno među studentima 1-3. godine Stručnog studija Sestrinstva u Dubrovniku. Anonimnim anketnim upitnikom je obuhvaćena skupina ispitanike od 34 studenata/studentica, oba spola i različitih dobnih skupina. Sudjelovanje studenata bilo je dobrovoljno. Istraživanje je provedeno između 14-20. rujna, 2020. godine. Anketa je odabrana kao instrument za prikupljanje traženih podataka. Anketnim upitima su se u dobrovoljnoj, online anketi ispitivali stavovi i znanja studenata o eutanaziji. Online anketa sastojala se od četrnaest pitanja, zatvorenog tipa. Prva četiri pitanja odnosila su se na osnovne podatke o studentima kao što su dob, spol, radni status i godina studija. U preostalih deset pitanja, ispitivalo se stajalište studenata o vlastitoj eutanaziji kada bi se našli u bespomoćnom stanju, legalizacija eutanazije u Hrvatskoj, pravo odlučivanja o kraju vlastitog života, dobnoj granici za provođenje eutanazije, informiranost studenata o državama gdje je dozvoljena eutanazija, gledaju li na eutanaziju kao na zločin, utjecaj vjeroispovijesti na odluku o provođenju eutanazije, te je su li se ikada susreli s bolesnikom koji želi eutanaziju. Pitanja su bila jednostavna i kratka s više ponuđenih odgovora. Anketa je bila postavljena na stranicama interneta u obliku Google dokumenata, a ispunjavanje ankete bilo je anonimno. Odgovori na anketu bili su direktno poslani ispitivaču putem e-mail adrese.
ANALIZA PODATAKA: Prikupljeni podaci su obrađeni uz pomoć Microsoft Office programa i Google dokumenata. Kvalitativna analiza podataka je prikazana u grafikonima uz prikaz učestalosti pojavnosti pojedinih odgovora, a izražena postotkom.
REZULTATI: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo više ispitanica ženskoga spola (97%; muškaraca 3%). Najveći broj studenata je bio u dobi od 18 do 30 godine (82.4%) uglavnom s 3. godine studija Sestrinstva (69.7%; prva godina 18.2% i 2. godine 12.1%) i većinski zaposleni (67.6%). Najveći broj studenata ispitanika (50%) je imalo saznanje da je eutanazija čin s ciljem izazivanja smrti iz milosrđa kako bi se uklonila patnja i svaka bol (2.9% je smatralo da je eutanazija korištenje svih raspoloživih sredstava za umjetno produživanje života i odgađanje smrti u bolesnikovoj završnoj fazi života, a 47.1% da je eutanazije pomoć umirućem da umre, izbjegavajući umjetno produživanje života bolesnika). Najveći postotak ispitanika (94.1%) je imalo saznanja da je eutanazija ozakonjena u Belgiji, Nizozemskoj, Švicarskoj. Većina studenata (67.6%) je smatrala da bi eutanaziju trebalo ozakoniti u Republici Hrvatskoj. Također, većina studeneta (73.5%) se nikada nisu susreli s umirućim bolesnikom koji želi eutanaziju. Između studenata je bio viši postotak ispitanika (58.8%) koji bi dali privolu za osobnu eutanaziju ili eutanaziju bliskog člana obitelji iako je 76.5% ispitanika smatralo da je eutanazija zločin. U istraživanju je 56% ispitanika izjavilo da bi pristali da izvrše eutanaziju iako nisu pobornici nje same. 58.8% ispitanika se nije složilo za uvođenje dobne granice za eutanaziju. Vjeroispovijest nebi imala utjecaj na njihov stav prema eutanaziji kod 61.8% ispitanika.
ZAKLJUČAK: Provedeno istraživanja je ukazalo na potrebu dodatne edukacije i informiranosti studenata Sestrinstva o samom značenju eutanazije i kontradiktornostima koje iz nje proizlaze. Uz saznanje o eutanaziji nužno je stjecanje znanja i vještina iz domene palijativne skrbi bolesnika. Razvijena palijativna skrb, uz podizanje svijesti o najpotrebitijih pacijentima u terminalnoj fazi neizlječive bolesti, omogućuje dostojanstvenost i u najtežim trenucima života ukoliko ih bolesnik provodi uz obitelj i stručan palijativni tim. |
| Abstract (english) | INTRODUCTION: The word euthanasia comes from cramp. eu - treasure, good and thanatos - death. In its full sense, euthanasia can be defined as causing death in dying, infirm, or incurable sick people who suffer severe or unbearable pain, with the goal of sending them further pain and suffering. We most often encounter the concepts of active and passive euthanasia. Under the term active euthanasia is considered a direct shortening of the life of active help in dying. It is banned in almost all countries. Active euthanasia is based on the patient's free decision and is usually performed by a physician. Passive or indirect euthanasia includes the denial of active medical services, ie the reduction of all activities that contribute to the active support of life. In the Republic of Croatia, euthanasia is considered a criminal offense, while in the Netherlands, euthanasia is performed by doctors for more than twenty years. According to the definition given by the Declaration on Euthanasia of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, euthanasia is an act or omission which by its nature and intent causes death, in order to remove all pain. The Church explicitly opposes the execution of euthanasia, because it is contrary to God's will and because it destroys human dignity. He also emphasizes that any assistance in the occurrence of the death of those who are incurably or mentally ill is never allowed, because every human being, not just the healthy one, is created in the image of God Aim: Answer the questions to what extent the students of the Nursing Study are familiar with the concept of euthanasia, and what is their attitude to euthanasia, death and dying, how respondents declare active and passive euthanasia, whether they are against or for the legalization of passive or active euthanasia .
RESEARCH METHOD: The survey was conducted among students 1-3. year of the Professional Study of Nursing in Dubrovnik. The anonymous survey questionnaire included a group of respondents of 34 students, both sexes and different age groups. Student participation was voluntary. The research was conducted between 14 and 20 September 2020 within the University of Dubrovnik. The survey was selected as the instrument for collecting the requested data. In a voluntary online survey, students' attitudes and knowledge about euthanasia were examined. The online survey consisted of fourteen closed-ended questions. The first four questions related to basic data on students such as age, gender, employment status and year of study. In the remaining ten questions, students attitudes about their own euthanasia when they were helpless, legalization of euthanasia in Croatia, the right to decide on the end of one's life, age limit for euthanasia, students' data on countries where euthanasia is allowed, whether they see euthanasia as a crime, influence religion to the decision to conduct euthanasia and whether they have ever met a patient who wants euthanasia. The questions were simple and short with multiple answers offered. The survey was published on the website in the form of Google Docs. The completion of the survey was anonymous. Responses to the survey were sent directly to the examiner via email. Data analysis: The collected data was processed using Microsoft Office programs and Google documents. Qualtitative analysis is shown in graphs and expressed as a percentage of individual responses.
RESULTS: Female respondents (97%; male 3%) dominated in the study. The largest number of students was aged 18 to 30 (82.4%) mainly from the 3rd year of Nursing (69.7%; first year 18.2% and 2nd year 12.1%) and majority employees (67.6%). The largest number of students (50%) considered euthanasia an act aimed at causing death out of mercy to remove suffering and any pain (2.9% considered euthanasia to be the use of all available means to artificially prolong life and delay death in the patient’s final stage of life, and 47.1% that euthanasia is helping the dying to die, avoiding artificial prolongation of the patient’s life). The largest percentage of respondents (94.1%) believed and knew that euthanasia was legalized in Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The majority of students (67.6%) thought that euthanasia should be legalized in the Republic of Croatia. Also, the majority of students (73.5%) had never encountered a dying patient who wanted euthanasia. Among students, there was a higher percentage of respondents (58.8%) who would consent to personal euthanasia or euthanasia of a close family member although 76.5% of respondents considered euthanasia a crime. In the survey, 56% of respondents said they would agree to perform euthanasia even though they are not supporters of it itself. 58.8% of respondents did not agree with the introduction of an age limit for euthanasia. Religion would not affect their attitude towards euthanasia in 61.8% of respondents.
CONCLUSION: The stady pointed out the need for additional education of nursing students about the meaning of euthanasia and its controversies. Knowledge and skills in the field of palliative care is necessay in understanding the meaning of euthanasia. Developed palliative care and raising awareness in the terminal phase of an incurable disease provide dignity in the most difficult moments of patient life followed by a family environment and the support of a palliative team. |
